العلاقة بين التصوف والتشيع دراسة تحليلية
An Analytical Study of The Relationship Between Sufism And Shi'ism
Keywords:
Sufism, Shi'ism, Ahlul Sunnah Wal JamaahAbstract
The Shiites are the oldest Islamic sects that began at the end of Dzul-Nurain Uthman Ibn Affan’s era and developed during the reign of Ali Ibn Abi Talib RA. Those who were thrifty preferred Ali RA without making takfir towards any companions RA. Most of them are extremists who believe in his divinity or that he is a chosen caliph and that there is confirmation of his prophethood. Ancient civilizations like the Persians, Greek, and Indians form philosophical ideologies for these sects. This meaningful research highlights the contention and accusations that the Sufi’s doctrines and etiquettes are derived from Shiite beliefs and behavior. Among the accusations are the division of knowledge into physical and spiritual knowledge, the division of elite and public folks, the ranks and the degrees of the scholars and their titles according to the poles, the substitutes, and the nobles. Furthermore, there is also an accusation that the Sufis valued the Ahl al-Bayt in the name of ‘habib’ because of the authority that Allah had sent down according to the arguments and proofs, that the Sufis took their teachings and ideas from what they are saying ‘Sufism is intruder of Shi'ism’. A well-known statement among the scholars such as Imam Ibn Asakir said that “Two righteous men that afflicted with evil companions were Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and Ja`far al-Sadiq.” However, they turned away from the ignorant, guarded against the error of generalization, and adhered to justice, fairness, and the moderate approach to religion, Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah.
Downloads
References
Al-Qurān al-Karīm.
ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿIsā, Ḥaqā’iq ʿan al-Taṣawwuf. Syria: Dār al-ʿIrfān, 1993.
Abū Bakar Ibn al-ʿArabī, al-ʿAwāṣim min al-Qawāṣim. Kaherah: Maktabah al-Sunnah, 1412H.
Aḥmad Ḥāris, Tawthīq al-Sunnah Bayna al-Syīʿah al-Imāmiyyah wa Ahl al-Sunnah. Kaherah: Dār al-Salām, 2003.
Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad al-Sayyārī & Abu al-Ḥasan ʿAli Ibn Ibrāhim al-Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī. Beirut: Dar al-Surūr, t.t.
Aḥmad Ibn Aḥmad al-Zarrūq al-Fāsī, Qawāʿid al-Taṣawwuf wa Shawāhid al-Taʿarruf. Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyā’, 2020.
Al-ʿAsqalānī, Shihābud-Dīn Abul-Faḍl Aḥmad Ibn Nūrud-Dīn ʿAlī Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ḥajar, Fath al-Bārī Syarh Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1379H.
Al-Baġdādī, Abd al-Qāhir Ibn Ṭāhir Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Al-Farq baina al-Firāq. Kaherah: Maktabah Ibn Sina, t.t.
Al-Baijurī, Ibrāhīm Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad, Tuḥfah al-Murīd ʿAla Jauharah al-Tauḥīd. Kaherah: Dār al-Salām, 2002.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad, ’Iḥyā’ ʿUlūm al-Dīn al-Musammā Tuḥfah al-Sālikīn, ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shaʿlar & Marwān al-Kitāb. Kaherah: Dār al-Iḥsān, 2021.
Al-Haytamī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʿAlī Ibn Ḥajar, al-Ṣawāʿiq al-Muḥriqah ʿalā Ahl al-Rafḍ wa al-Ḍalāl wa al-Zandaqah. Riyāḍ: Dār al-Waṭan, 1997.
Al-Jawharī, Abū al-Zahrā’ al-Malākī, Tuḥfah al-Aḥbāb bi Faḍā’il Sayyidinā Muḥammad Ṣāḥib Aṭhar wa Ashrāf al-Ansāb. Kaherah: al-Nahār li al-Ṭabʿ, t.t.
Al-Juhanī, Māni’ Ibn Ḥammād, al-Mausūʿah al-Muyassarah fī al-Adyān wa al-Madhāhib wa al-Aḥzāb al-Muʿāṣarah. Ed. ke-4. Riyāḍ: Dār al-Nadwah al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 2003.
Al-Jurjānī, Alī ibn Muḥammad, al-Taʿrifāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1984.
Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī , Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Thābit ibn Aḥmad ibn Māhdī, Tārikh Baghdād. Beirut: Dar al-Gharab al-Islamiy, 2002.
Al-Kubbi, Zuhair Shafiq, Fiqh al-Taṣawwuf al-‘Islāmī Li Shaykh al-Islām al-Imām Ibn Taymiyyah. T.tp: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabi, 1993.
Al-Manūfi, Mahmūd Abū al-Faidh, Madkhal ila al-Tasawwûf al-Islāmi. T.tp: t.p, t.t.
Al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī Ibn Muḥammad, Adab al-Dunya wa al-Din. T.tp: Dar Maktabah al-Hayah, 1986.
Al-Munāwī, ʿAbd al-Raʼūf ibn Tāj al-ʿĀrifīn, Fayḍ al-qadīr sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaghīr. Mesir: al-Maktabah al-Tijāriyyah al-Kubra, t.t.
Al-Nabhānī, Yusuf Ibn Ismail Ibn Muḥammad Nasir al-Din, Jāmiʿ Karāmāt al-Awliyā’. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993.
Al-Qafārī, Nāṣīr Ibn ʿAbdullah Ibn ʿAlī, Mas’alah al-Taqrīb Bayna Ahli al-Sunnah wa al-Syīʿah. Ed. ke-5. Riyāḍ: Dār Ṭaybah, 1418H.
Al-Qurṭubī, Abu ʿAbdullah Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Al-Jāmiʿ lī Aḥkām al-Qur'ān. Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-ʿArabi, t.t.
Al-Shahrastānī, Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Milal wa al-Niḥal. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1416H.
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn Abd al-Raḥmān Ibn Abū Bakr, ’Iḥyā’ al-Mayyit bi Faḍā’il Ahl al-Bayt. Ed. Al-Sayyid ʿAbbās Ṣaqr. T.tp: t.p, t.t.
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn Abd al-Raḥmān Ibn Abū Bakr, Al-Dur al-Manthur fi al-Tafsir al-Ma ʾthur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiah, 2011.
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn Abd al-Raḥmān Ibn Abū Bakr, al-Hāwi li al-Fatāwi. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2004.
Fatwa Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, “al-Farq al-Murād bi Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah”, laman sesawang Jabatan Fatwa Mesir, diakses 13 Mei 2022, https://www.dar-alifta.org/ar/fatawa/12579/.
Fatwa Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, “al-Farq al-Syiah wa Ahl al-Sunnah”, laman sesawang Jabatan Fatwa Mesir, diakses 13 Mei 2022, https://www.dar-alifta.org/ar/fatawa/12580/.
Ḥasan al-Shāfiʿī & Abū Yazīd al-ʿAjamī, al-Taṣawwuf al-‘Islāmī. Kaherah: Dār al-Salām, 2019.
Ḥasan Khalīl Gharīb, al-Riddah fī al-Islām Qirā’ah Tārīkhiyyah – Fikriyyah fī al-Uṣūl wa al-Ittijāhāt wa al-Natā’ij. Beirut: Dār al-Kunūz al-Adabiyyah, t.t.
Ibn ʿAjībah al-Ḥusnī, al-Baḥr al-Madīd fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Majīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2015.
Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn ʿAlī. Nuzhat al-Aʿyū n al-Nawāẓir fi ʿIlm Al-Wujūh wa al-naẓāir. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risālah, 1983.
Ibn ʿAsakir al-Dimashqi, Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari fi mã Nusiba ilā al-Imām Abi al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿari. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-ʿArabi, 1404H.
Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fiḍā’ ʿImād ad-Dīn Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUmar, Tafsīr al-Qurān al-ʿAẓīm. Ed. ke-4. Manṣūrah: Dār al-Yaqīn, 2003.
Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fiḍā’ ʿImād ad-Dīn Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUmar, Tafsīr al-Qurān al-ʿAẓīm. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiah, 1419H.
Ignaz Goldziher, Mazāhib al-Tafsīr Islāmiy. Kaherah: Al-Markaz al-Qaumi li al-Tarjamah, 2013.
Iḥsān Ilahī Ẓāhir, al-Taṣawwuf: al-Mansha’ wa al-Maṣdar. Kaherah: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2008.
Khaled Abdul Alim Metwali, “Ma Huwa al-Farq baina al-Sunnah wa al-Syiah wa al-Sufiyyah,” diterbitkan pada 23 September 2012, diakses pada 23 Mei 2020, https://www.khaledabdelalim.com/home/play/3278.
Maḥmūd al-Sayyid Ṣabīḥ, Ḥatta Lā Tuḍayyi’ al-Hawiyyah al-Ṣūfiyyah. Kāherah: Dār al-Rukn wa al-Maqam, 2007.
Muḥammad Sayyid al-Sulṭān, Kashf al-Lithām ʿan al-Taṣawwuf al-Muẓallal bi al-Ghamām SAW. Kaherah: Jawāmiʿ al-Kalim, 2011.
Muḥammad Zayd Abū Zayd, Manāhij al-Mufassirīn. Ed. ke-4. Ṣanʿa’: t.p, 2010.
Muḥammad Abū Zuhrah, Tarikh al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah Fi al-Siyasah Wa al-ʿAqaid Wa alTarikh al-Madhahib al-Fiqhiyyah, (Kaherah: Dar al-Fikr, t.t).
Saʿīd Muḥammad ʿAlī, Tursyīd al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfī. Kaherah: Kashīdah, 2018.
Ṣāliḥ al-Jaʿfarī al-Azharī, Fatḥ wa Fayḍ wa Faḍl min Allāh fī Sharḥ Kalimah Lā ilāha Illallāh. Kaherah: Jawāmiʿ al-Kalim, 1991.
Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam, “Itlaq Laqab al-Ghauth ala Wali Soleh,” diakses pada 14 Mei 2002.
